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galaxy filament
In physical cosmology, Galaxy Filaments (Subtypes: Supercluster Complexes, Galaxy Walls, and Galaxy Sheets),〔 Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravtsov, Vladimir N. Lukash; "The search and investigation of the Large Groups of Quasars" ; ;〕〔R.G.Clowes; "Large Quasar Groups - A Short Review"; ''The New Era of Wide Field Astronomy'', ASP Conference Series, Vol. 232.; 2001; Astronomical Society of the Pacific; ISBN 1-58381-065-X ; 〕 are amongst the largest known cosmic structures in the universe. They are massive, thread-like formations, with a typical length of 50 to 80 megaparsecs ''h''−1, (163 to 261 million light years) that form the boundaries between large voids in the universe. Filaments consist of gravitationally bound galaxies; parts where a large number of galaxies are very close to each other (in cosmic terms) are called superclusters.
In the standard model of the evolution of the universe, galactic filaments form along and follow web-like strings of dark matter. It is thought that this dark matter dictates the structure of the Universe on the grandest of scales. Dark matter gravitationally attracts baryonic matter, and it is this "normal" matter that astronomers see forming long, thin walls of super-galactic clusters.
Discovery of structures larger than superclusters began in the 1980s. In 1987, astronomer R. Brent Tully of the University of Hawaii's Institute of Astronomy identified what he called the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex. In 1989, the CfA2 Great Wall was discovered,〔(M. J. Geller & J. P. Huchra, ''Science'' 246, 897 (1989). )〕 followed by the Sloan Great Wall in 2003.〔''Sky and Telescope'', ("Refining the Cosmic Recipe" ), 14 November 2003〕 On January 11, 2013, researchers led by Roger Clowes of the University of Central Lancashire announced the discovery of a large quasar group, the Huge-LQG, which dwarfs previously discovered galaxy filaments in size. In November 2013, using gamma-ray bursts as reference points, astronomers discovered the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, an extremely huge filament measuring more than 10 billion light-years across.
In 2006, scientists announced the discovery of three filaments aligned to form one of the largest structures known to humanity, composed of densely packed galaxies and enormous blobs of gas known as Lyman-alpha blobs.
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